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故事发生在1938年5月6日，这个日子无论是对罗马人民或是对平凡的家庭主妇安东尼泰（索菲娅·罗兰 Sophia Loren 饰）来说，都是不平凡的一天。当日，独裁者希特勒和墨索里尼来到罗马参加高峰会议，无限吹捧他们奉行的法西斯主义，在慷慨激昂的讲话的蛊惑人心的词语之中，整个城市陷入了一片疯狂的躁动。　　然而，这狂热的一切似乎都和在家中洒扫整理的安东尼泰无关，此刻的她正陷于深深的忧郁之中，被困在枯燥的婚姻和苍白的生活内无法自拔。这时，她邂逅了新搬来的邻居加布瑞乐（马塞洛·马斯楚安尼 Marcello Mastroianni 饰），在极短的时间内，两人相知相恋，迸发出了巨大的激情，可黑夜过后，一切重归平静，仿佛什么都没有发生过。

Cannes Film Festival　　YearResultAwardCategoryRecipient(s)　　1980 Won Best Supporting Actress　　Milena Dravic　　Tied with Carla Gravina and Terrazza, La (1980).　　Nominated Golden Palm　　Goran Paskaljevic　　Golden Globes, USA　　YearResultAwardCategoryRecipient(s)　　1981 Nominated Golden Globe Best Foreign Film　　Brushed with shadings of a larger social and political commentary, this occasionally hilarious and consistently funny comedy looks at a closet alcoholic, Dr. Ilich (Ljuba Tadic) who treats alcoholism in others with an iron hand and a zany therapeutical approach. Between the music of Wagner, a diet in which apples figure prominently, and exercises that look like Chicken Little in take-off mode, the doctor is convinced his patients will be cured. What really ails most of them is what caused their alcohol problem in the first place -- so when the eccentric doctor takes six of his patients to a nearby brewery to demonstrate the success of his treatment, chaos results. First the apples taken on the trip are spiked by one patient (two of them clink their apples in joy) and then the brewery management and its own alcohol-addicted crew add to the patients' antics.

特丽丝塔娜（凯瑟琳•德纳芙 Catherine Deneuve 饰）的母亲在临死前，把她托付给堂•路普（Fernando Rey 饰）照顾。衰老的路普衣食无忧，性格强势看重荣誉，但同时，也是镇上女人们所熟知的好色之徒。路普表面上是特丽丝塔娜的监护人，而他实际对后者抱有隐而未发的强烈欲望。　　特丽丝塔娜在路普的家中感受到压抑，女仆和女仆的聋哑儿子也远不是她可以倾诉心事的友人。在一次外出中，塔里斯塔纳偶遇一位年轻的画家，后者令她看到了爱情的希望，知晓特丽丝塔娜处境的画家殴打了路普，两人一起离开小镇。不久，特丽丝塔娜罹患重病，无计可施的画家只好寻求路普的帮助……

波利特（尼内-克里斯汀·约恩松 Nine-Christine Jönsson 饰）是一个年轻的女人，长久以来，她都生活在抑郁的情绪之中，并且有着很强烈的自杀倾向，这一切和波利特所拥有的的非常不幸福的童年有着分不开的关系。波利特和母亲之间的关系非常的糟糕，最近，她找到了一份工作，这令她感到开心，可是如此一来，她就无法再住在学校的宿舍里，这也就意味着，波利特必须重新和母亲住到一起去。　　朝夕相处很快就将母女两人之间隐藏至深的矛盾给激发了，与此同时，波利特邂逅了一个名叫格艾斯塔（本特·埃克隆德 Bengt Eklund 饰）的男人，这个男人能否成为波利特的救命稻草呢？

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赞努西打开国际影坛大门的早期代表作，以繁复而疏离的形式和内省的命题著称。 藉由一心进入知名学府物理系就读的男主角，日后恋爱、辍学、逃离尘世到回归体制的过程，不断从生活、精神、 思想上发掘冲突与辩证，游走在性灵与现实、自由与责任的拉据。不仅反映了当时波兰青年知识份子的心境， 也确立赞努西日后作品的内在主题。

It is a great film by a great director.Kira Muratova has never been given her due in the Soviet and post-Soviet Russia.In the Long Good Bye she depicts a seemingly banal story of a jealous and possessive mother (brilliantly acted by Zinaida Sharko) and her poor aloof and lonely son (the only cinematic role by the talented O. Vladimirsky). The story - which is nothing extraordinary in itself - grows into the wonderful and frightening analysis of alienation between genders and generations on the background of the even more frighteningly bleak and dehumanized Soviet reality.Kira Muratova shows the tiny details of everyday Soviet life,and, again , banal as they are ,they are a hair-raising horror.The dialogue is deliberately laconic and void of any sense, showing the ever-growing people's inability to communicate and understand each other.The sound track ( by another under-estimated talent, Oleg Karavaichuk)adds to the atmosphere of hopeless and meaningless existence.Of course,Sasha (the name of the protagonist),will leave his despotic ( but loving!) mother sooner or later, but where for (c)

智利影史十部最佳影片之一. 和一样都是60年代拉美新电影运动的代表作.　　A young boy mourns the loss of his newborn brother when the baby dies. At the baby's wake, the child is given paper wings to symbolize his union with the angels of heaven. The funeral takes place after the wake turns into a drunken affair. When the baby's paper wings are left behind, the boy tries to give the wings back to his dead brother for fear the child will not go to heaven. The young boy also saves a pigeon from being tortured at the hands of other sadistic children in this feature heavy with symbolic and religious overtones.

塔基亚娜（Nina Ivanova 饰）是一位非常美丽的姑娘，大学毕业之后，她决定前往工人夜校教授文学课。怀着满腔教育抱负的塔基亚娜没有想到的是，在夜校里，那些工人们根本就不把文学课当做是一回事，学习态度非常的消极和散漫，这让塔基亚娜非常的受打击。然而，随着时间的推移，塔基亚娜渐渐的在这些工人们的身上看到了吃苦耐劳的一面，对他们的看法有了大大的改观。　　工人萨沙（尼古拉·雷布尼科夫 Nikolai Rybnikov 饰）爱上了塔基亚娜，可是塔基亚娜拒绝了他，这让萨沙陷入了抑郁的情绪中，破罐子破摔。之后，塔基亚娜在一次偶然的机会下发现了萨沙不为人知的一面

The famous writer Bernard travels to a small town nearby a lake to spend vacation out of season in the winter. He check in an old hotel owned by Enrico and his daughter Irma expecting to meet the maid Tilde, from whom he had a crush last time he visited the town. However, he discovers that Tilde has committed suicide and when he meets the local photographer, Bernard learns that she was pregnant. He becomes obsessed to find whether she really committed suicide and to guess what really happened. When Enrico's son Mario and his wife Adriana arrive at the hotel, Bernard has daydreams about the fate of Tilde.

1996年威尼斯电影节Luigi De Laurentiis奖　　1997年西雅图国际电影节新导演奖　　介绍：这部貌似简单而带有记录风格的影片描绘出巴勒斯坦爱国电影人Elia Suleiman的个人寻根之旅。影片分成两部分。第一部分记录下拿撒勒古城中荒谬而寂静的阿拉伯地区。第二部分则用一种相对政治化的眼光观察这个城市，而Elia Suleiman在这部分扮演较为积极的角色。他来到自己的出生地找寻灵感，但他所看到的却是阿拉伯人民深陷在文化身份危机中的一幅幅凄惨的画面。最为显著的一个例子：一位阿拉伯少女想要在自己的城镇里获得比传统妇女更独立的地位，然而却因为居住在犹太区的居民怀有偏见而无法实现。

部分依据凡尔纳小说《十五岁的小船长》改编。　　范哈塞尔号被海盗洗劫并烧毁，6名幸存者被一艘捕鲸船救起，剧烈的风暴又将捕鲸船打沉在非洲海岸附近，死里逃生的人们登上陆地，他们将面对陌生的自然环境、可怕的食人蚁、强盗、奴隶贩子......　　上海译制片厂1987年译制，童自荣、李梓、尚华、刘广宁等配音。

故事发生在神秘莫测的大海之中，小美人鱼是海洋之王最喜欢的一个女儿，拥有着最曼妙的歌喉。某日，小美人鱼的歌声将一位王子吸引到了群礁之中，王子的船触了礁，王子跌入海中，生命垂危。就在这个节骨眼上，小美人鱼不顾父亲的阻拦，执意救了王子一名，并且深深的爱上了他。　　王子将一位偶然路过的姑娘误认为了他的救命恩人，发誓要娶她为妻。小美人鱼找到了女巫，希望女巫能够赐予她人类的双腿，而她所要付出的代价，是永远无法再开口说话。王子发现了小美人鱼，将她带回了王宫。臣民们希望王子能够迎娶邻国公主，让王子没有想到的是，这位公主竟然正是那日偶然路过的姑娘，王子当即决定同她成婚。小美人鱼的心碎了。

Two smugglers meet two customs officers at sea, and happen to kill them. The story continues fifteen years later when a son of one of the officers and a smuggler's daughter fall in love with each other.

超级游轮星光号滿载乘客出海，特种失塔格由于与妻马汀不合，差点误会，等他化妆成厨师上船后，却发现船被一伙匪徒却持，为救人质，塔格联系特种部队，但特种兵赶至游轮时却中了匪徒的伏击，差点全军復没，现在只有他能救出人质，保全整条游轮.....

《你生活在这里》描写20世纪初一个十几岁的孤儿流浪在瑞典北方的经历，他干了一种又一种活儿，一路上遇到一些奇妙美好的人物。

元朝末年。清明之日，世袭洛阳侯耶律寿应邀到尼庵，饮酒作乐。他的妹妹耶律含嫣因不堪深闺寂寞，携带丫环暗自出府，到郊外踏青游春。在洛阳桥畔，恰遇猎人花云一箭双雕。她见花云英俊健壮、箭法高强，遂生爱慕之情。耶律寿回府途中，遇到民妇采桑女，见她窈窕貌美，顿生邪念。于是，他依仗权势，勾结官府，把采桑女之夫杖死公堂，并逼她为妾。采桑女悲愤难忍，欲投河自尽，被花云母子及郭广卿所救。耶律寿的暴行，激怒了花云母子及郭广卿，他们决心联合穷苦乡里，向侯府报仇。耶律夫人和含嫣得知采桑女之事，严厉斥责了耶律寿。但刁恶成性的耶律寿仍一意孤行，并以蒙汉不同族、贫富悬殊为借口，断然拒绝含嫣与花云结婚的要求。含嫣心中忿忿不平，不顾族规家法，再次暗自出府，重到洛阳桥寻找花云，终于见到了日夜思念的心上人。当花云得知她是侯府千金时，竟扬长而去。含嫣悲痛不已，既恨自己的出身，更恨兄长的胡作非为，加上她受到耶律寿的锁禁，便悒郁成疾。花母以卖野味为名进侯府探查，趁机与含嫣定计，让花云伺机混入府中相见，含嫣欣喜万分，一心等待花云的到来。耶律寿纳妾之日，郭广卿、花母等众乡邻化装成送亲的人，混进府内。这时，耶律寿已烂醉如泥，新人被安置在含嫣房中。含嫣正因不见花云到来而忧伤，见采桑女蒙头默坐，不禁对她更加怜悯，决定将她放走。没想到，蒙在盖头之下的竟是她朝思幕想的恋人花云。当他俩互诉衷情时，耶律寿酒醒找来，被花云和众乡亲捉住，得到了应有的制裁。含嫣与花云如愿以偿，结为终生伴侣。

Though Delluc's career was short-lived, it burst vigorously(7 films in 4 years)that it forever left its imprint on french cinema history, and they rightly honoured him by giving the annual Prix Delluc to the best French film of the year. He was responsible for the creation of influential cinema  journals like Le Journal du Ciné-Club and Cinéa, founding numerous film societies, writing countless articles and coining the term cineaste. Delluc believed that films should be set in the natural without elaborate posturing, and characters should be portrayed in an intimate way where the past and present, illusion and reality can be correlated, all considered to be avant-garde at its time. He died only a few weeks after the shooting of The Flood at the age of 33.

公元前11世纪，古埃及面临多重困难，外部有亚述人的战争威胁，又欠下腓尼基商人的大笔债款，国家濒临破产，人民穷困潦倒。拉美西斯十二世病重去世，他的儿子拉美西斯十三世被宣布为法老继承人。为了阻止埃及的迅速衰落，年轻的拉美西斯十三世决定夺取世世代代存放在神庙中的宝藏，将其用于社会改革和对亚述发动战争。但神职人员反对他的计划，祭司和年轻的法老之间开始了政治和宗教斗争。

20世纪30年代，东京银座。咖啡馆女招待岛杉子（忍節子 饰）和中根袈裟子（香取千代子 饰）是一对亲密无间的好朋友。杉子与原田（結城一朗 饰）相恋多时，已经到了谈婚论嫁的地步。某天，杉子无意中被一辆轿车碰倒，也由此结识了轿车的主人——富家子弟山内弘（山内光 饰）。这平平凡凡的遭遇，却让原田心生误会，继而选择分手。另一方面，山内则为温柔可人的杉子所倾倒，情愿与定亲的女友分开，但是这对不同阶层的人儿必须面对重重的阻力。袈裟子厌烦了女招待的工作，适逢某女明星引退，在星探的鼓动下，袈裟子展开了全新的人生……　　本片根据北村小松的小说改编。

The subtitle of Jean-Marie Straub and Danièle Huillet’s first feature, from 1965, “Only Violence Helps Where Violence Reigns,” suggests the fierce political program evoked by their rigorous aesthetic. The pretext of the film, set in Cologne, is Heinrich Böll’s novel “Billiards at Half Past Nine,” which they strip down to a handful of stark events and film with a confrontational angularity akin to Bartók’s music that adorns the soundtrack. The subtlest of cues accompany the story’s complex flashbacks. The middle-aged Robert Fähmel tells a young hotel bellhop of persecutions under the Third Reich; his elderly father, Heinrich, an architect famed for a local abbey, recalls the militarism of the First World War, when his wife, Johanna, incurred trouble for insulting the Kaiser. A third-generation Fähmel is considering architecture, just as the exiled brother of Robert’s late wife, returns, only to be met by their former torturer, now a West German official taking part in a celebratory parade of war veterans. Straub and Huillet make the layers of history live in the present tense, which they judge severely. The tamped-down acting and the spare, tense visual rhetoric suggest a state of moral crisis as well as the response—as much in style as in substance—that it demands.

In small czech town named Jilemnice live unfortunate, but brave and jovial woman Štěpa Kiliánová, whose only desire was to fill the void in her virgin life. In despair and excessive trust, she married a sardonic, reclusive man, former lieutenant and gambler Pavel Malina, whose only wish was finally found peace and forgetting the past. They lived through unrequited love, dislike and disappointment. But no one knew that her groom begin to show signs of cerebral disease, which in the coming years engulf his sanity.

战争阴影还没消散的欧洲，翻译家、知识分子Ester（英格里德•图林）与妹妹Anna（冈内尔•林德布洛姆）以及Anna的儿子Johan一起坐火车回瑞典。途中，患有晚期肺病的Ester发病，三人于一个言语不通的小城下车，住进一家老宾馆。　　Ester有意无意间总想偷窥Anna的生活，想对她表示好感却无从下手，而Anna一心认为Ester是她的束缚。某晚，Anna外出结识一名酒保，返回宾馆后将幻想中的性爱的过程和刺激描述给Ester听，引起对方的激烈反应，随后，她与酒保在Ester眼皮底下做爱，终引起Ester爆发，多年来深藏在两人心中的、夹杂着嫉恨与冲突的往事被重提。

患有癌症晚期的诗人亚历山大（Bruno Ganz）在进医院等待死亡的前一天，想将一直陪伴其左右的狗交托自己的亲生女儿，遭到对方拒绝。女儿对自己处境的不了解，以及女婿打算将自己的祖屋卖掉，令亚历山大神伤不已黯然离开。　　在亚历山大孤独地面对自己生命的最后一天时，太太安娜在世时的诸多生活片段、探望独自生活在疗养院中的年迈衰弱母亲的情形、花费大半生心血研究的19世纪诗人所罗穆斯等，一一以或真实或梦幻的形态与他会面，来助他解除对“明天会持续多久”的困惑。

This is an unusual film of exceptional values--75 minutes long in color, with hardly any spoken dialogs. I saw this Iranian film in Farsi without English subtitles at the Early Iranian cinema retrospective on-going International Film Festival of Kerala, India. That I was watching a print without subtitles did not make a difference as there were very few lines of spoken dialogs.　　This is a very accessible film for any audience to enjoy--its story and values are not merely Iranian, it's universal.　　The film is set in rural Iran that had not tasted petro-dollar prosperity. The setting is on fringes of desert land, where water is scarce, rainfall scanty and hardly any blade of grass is green. Add to it wind and dust that buffets and whips man and animal and you can imagine plight of the people who live on the fringes of society.　　The film is moving tale of a young teenager returning to his village with a goat--only to find his family and villagers have moved on to escape natures vagaries and that one old man remains. He gives the goat to him and goes in search of his family. Water is scarce and well water it treated with reverence and never wasted.

在俄罗斯某个偏僻的小山村，人烟罕至，静谧非常，这里的景色如同律动的油画一般，美得忧伤，美得窒息。　　一位老母亲（Gudrun Geyer 饰）即将走到人生的终点，时间已没有意义，每一刻都会成为永恒。儿子（Aleksei Ananishnov 饰）陪在母亲身边，精心照料她的起居。他耐心倾听着母亲关于梦的叙述，带着她出外散心，为她读明信片。在秋风骤起的时节，这对母子默默地享受着这最后的聚会……　　本片荣获1997年莫斯科国际电影节安德烈•塔科夫斯基奖、俄罗斯电影评论奖和评审团特别大奖。

18世纪，一群被逐出境的女人乘坐一艘从西班牙前往美国的船。在未分级的版本里，有着女同志的投射

故事开始于罗马城内的一起凶杀案。一名妓女在台伯河边的公园中遇害，几名案发当夜出现在现场的相关人员被警方一一盘问：身无分文的年青人坎提声称最近在找工作，然而事实是他同两名同伴在公园中伺机偷窃恋人们的物品；惯犯布斯德利久未与警方打交道，他在案发当日白天约会了情人，然后与供养他的放债女友大吵了一架；士兵特奥多罗当日则在街上纠缠陌生的女子们，他在公园的长椅上昏昏睡去，但目击了一名穿着拖鞋的可疑男子……可疑男子到案，向警方供述当日自身的经历，同时将一对儿百无聊赖的年青人引入案情。不移时真相终于大白。　　本片是意大利著名导演贝托鲁奇的处女作，根据帕索里尼的小说改编而来。

本片出自德国新浪潮电影代表人物之一，《铁皮鼓》导演沃尔克·施隆多夫之手，是一部向法国著名导演让·梅尔维尔致敬的经典作品。影片描写第一次世界大战期间，高贵的索菲女伯爵爱上了一位普通士兵，但动荡的时代，因为这段恋情却给两人带来了可怕的灾难，影片悲伤而凄凉，是导演沃尔克·施隆多夫除《铁皮鼓》以外，最被人认同的大师作品……

Somewhere in the remote region, the war ends. In the midst of ruined cities and houses in the streets, in rural hamlets, everywhere where people still live, are children who have lost their homes and parents. Abandoned, hungry, and in rags, defenseless and humiliated, they wander through the world. Hunger drives them. Little streams of orphans merge into a river which rushes forward and submerges everything in its path. The children do not know any feeling; they know only the world of their enemies. They fight, steal, struggle for a mouthful of food, and violence is merely a means to get it. A gang led by Cahoun finds a refuge in an abandoned castle and encounters an old composer who has voluntarily retired into solitude from a world of hatred, treason, and crime. How can they find a common ground, how can they become mutual friends The castle becomes their hiding place but possibly it will also be their first home which they may organize and must defend. But even for this, the price will be very high.　　To this simple story, the journalist, writer, poet, scriptwriter, movie director, and film theoretician Béla Balázs applied many years of experience. He and the director Géza Radványi created a work which opened a new postwar chapter in Hungarian film. Surprisingly, this film has not lost any of its impact over the years, especially on a profound philosophical level. That is to say, it is not merely a movie about war; it is not important in what location and in what period of time it takes place. It is a story outside of time about the joyless fate of children who pay dearly for the cruel war games of adults.　　At the time it was premiered, the movie was enthusiastically received by the critics. The main roles were taken by streetwise boys of a children's group who created their roles improvisationally in close contact with a few professional actors, and in the children's acting their own fresh experience of war's turmoil appears to be reflected. At the same time, their performance fits admirably into the mosaic of a very complex movie language. Balázs's influence revealed itself, above all, in the introductory sequences an air raid on an amusement park, seen in a montage of dramatic situations evoking the last spasms of war, where, undoubtedly, we discern the influence of classical Soviet cinematography. Shooting, the boy's escape, the locomotive's wheels, the shadows of soldiers with submachine guns, the sound of a whistle—the images are linked together in abrupt sequences in which varying shots and expressive sharp sounds are emphasized. A perfectly planned screenplay avoided all elements of sentimentality, time-worn stereotypes of wronged children, romanticism and cheap simplification. The authors succeeded in bridging the perilous dramatic abyss of the metamorphosis of a children's community. Their telling of the story (the scene of pillaging, the assault on the castle, etc) independently introduced some neorealist elements which, at that time, were being propagated in Italy by De Sica, Rossellini, and other film artists. The rebukes of contemporary critics, who called attention to formalism for its own sake have been forgotten. The masterly art of cameraman Barnabás Hegyi gives vitality to the poetic images. His angle shots of the children, his composition of scenes in the castle interior, are a living document of the times, and underline the atmosphere and the characters of the protagonists. The success of the picture was also enhanced by the musical art of composer Dénes Buday who, in tense situations, inserted the theme of the Marseilaise into the movie's structure, as a motive of community unification, as an expression of friendship and the possibility of understanding.　　Valahol Europaban is the first significant postwar Hungarian film. It originated in a relaxed atmosphere, replete with joy and euphoria, and it includes these elements in order to demonstrate the strength of humanism, tolerance, and friendship. It represents a general condemnation of war anywhere in the world, in any form.

অরণ্যের দিনরাত্রি

《温勃树阳光》，又名《光之梦》，西班牙导演Victor Erice 1992年的闷骚作品，在当年的戛纳获评委会奖。　　　　在《十分钟年华老去》里，Victor Erice贡献了一段最迷人的短片，他是那种可以让时间在影片里停留的人，所以我对他一直抱有浓厚兴趣。　　　　然后看到了这部《温勃树阳光》。影片讲述，或者说再现、参与了一位画家——Antonio Lopez创作一幅新作品的过程。他画的对象就是一棵结满果实的温勃树。　　　　一棵树，一个人，一幅作品，整部影片就是在阐述这个关系。它们是互相依存的，但又有各自的生命，只是在这部片里，它们结合到了一起。　　　　导演最基本的手法有两种，固定镜头、叠化。比如画家走进屋里，挑选木板，制作画架。这一系列动作，主要是通过某一角度的固定镜头（基本是标准镜头吧）拍摄下来，然后在同一机位进行叠化，目的是省略、压缩了时间。　　　　这种手法贯穿了整部影片，我们可以在后面看到，比如在后院拍摄的大全景，包括了那棵树、画架，它们都在同一画面里经过了秋天、冬天和春天。在这些镜头里，你会看到被导演“留在胶片上的时间”。　　　　这种方法并不难做，但需要耐心，很好的耐心。　　　　除此之外，导演另一个留住时间的方法，就是细致入微地用摄影机观察画家的创作过程。从他拿起画架到后院，选定与温勃树的距离，为自己脚的位置打钉子定位，在果树上用画笔涂上标记——等等一系列细致的有条不紊的近景、特写，捕捉每一个动作和眼神。　　　　这好像也不难办到，只要你足够细致，从容。　　　　创作的一开始，总是充满激情的，影片的开始，也好像饱含活力。画家轻轻地哼着歌曲，愉快地调着颜料，你听得到画笔在画板上的刷刷声，风吹动树梢的声音。房子里工人在装修，收音机里传来新闻，火车穿过原野，太阳在云层里略过。这一系列素材在Victor Erice的片子里，都是以相当自然的面目呈现。它只表现了一种东西，就是生活。　　　　影片接下来的段落，是漫长的、甚至有些无趣地创作过程，时间一天天过去，画布上的树叶和果实慢慢增加着，画家与家人聊天，与朋友聊天，边聊边画，一聊就是好十几分钟。摄影机完全纪录下来这些闲话，镜头里全是自然得到有些“简陋”的光线，甚至都像是用DV拍出来的效果。机位也就是那两个，切来切去。时间在这些片断里，被拉长了，放大了，观众体味到细腻，也体味到了乏味。导演就是这样，让你代入到一部艺术作品诞生的过程。　　　　看着看着，我以为自己真是在看一部纪录片，里面的人物、事件，在导演的耐心和细致下，显得那么自然。每件事物都在以自己的节奏，有条不紊地滋长着，包括画布上的作品，包括在一边静静观察的摄影机。　　　　十月的马德里，光线变幻莫测，画家总是找不到自己最喜欢的那种阳光照在温勃树上的效果。然后是阴天、暴雨，画家在经过多天的拉锯后，决定放弃进行到一半的油画。重头开始，画素描，这样就不需要受到天气的限制。　　　　我不再复述影片内容了，这就像与人谈论自己生活一样，充满了琐碎的片断。《温勃树的阳光》展示了一个创作的过程。一个时间的过程，同时也是空间的。因为它包括一个艺术家与环境的互动，这个环境不光包括了那棵温勃树，还有他的家人，来访的朋友，自然风雨，做画时突然叫起的狗声。这些都很和谐，唯一刺耳的是收音机里播放的战争新闻，它与这个后院里呈现的氛围格格不入，并显得遥远。画家总想要捕捉住温勃树梢和果实上的阳光，但最后他也没能成功，只好改成素描，他说，生活总是这样，你必须得放弃一些东西。　　　　画家对着树，在画布上创作；而摄影机对着画家，在胶片上创作。这个意味在结局的画面里表现得更加明显，这也是导演忍不住要表达自己观点的地方。　　　　温勃树的果实成熟了，纷纷落地，这幅画已经很难再继续下去。画家把画架搬到了屋里，看着上面的树；家人和工人们吃着温勃果，讨论着它。导演在影片最后，让摄影机和温勃树出现在同一画面里，机器静静对着一颗落下的温勃果，上面白色的痕迹，是画家用颜料画上的标记。　　　　《温勃树阳光》，节奏极其缓慢，所以从某种程度上讲，这是部大闷片来的，可能跟你的生活一样闷。

年轻的医生费多林与妻子生活在二十世纪初的维也纳。在一次轻浮的舞会之后，妻子草率地透露了自己曾经的艳遇与性幻想。在妒火与压抑之下，费多林深夜里走出家门，去为一个老病人送终，却不自觉地踏上了一场意外的性冒险之旅。一系列神秘、惊悚、荒诞的奇遇令他命悬一线，险些不得脱身……

Russie, 1905. Lasse de l'atmosphère antisémite de son village natal, la jeune Hanne Segal part à Saint-Pétersbourg rejoindre son frère Jacob qui, converti au christianisme, est devenu un riche avocat. Elle y retrouve aussi son ancien ami Sacha, entré dans un groupe révolutionnaire...

通过与贵族艺术鉴赏家娜德则达·佛罗丝卡亚的关系，展现俄罗斯作曲家彼得·伊里奇·柴可夫斯基的生活和工作。

外表妖艳迷人、珠光宝气的年轻女子爱尔丝（Betty Amann 贝蒂•阿曼 饰）实则是一个珠宝小偷，她凭借自己的外表迷惑珠宝店老板的注意力，然后伺机行窃。但在某次行动时，她被珠宝店老板捉住，正值刚毅的巡警埃尔伯特（Gustav Fröhlich 饰）对爱尔丝进行认真的调查。　　爱尔丝使出浑身解数勾引面前的这名警察，最终埃尔伯特拜倒在她的石榴裙下，与之陷入爱恋之中。这也成为他们爱情悲剧的开始……　　本片荣获1931年日本电影旬报最佳外语片奖。

The tragic love story between Guido, the owner of a marble quarry and Luisa, the humble daughter of one of his employees, ends up in her giving birth to a baby boy. Giulio's mother is against them at first she takes her son abroad with an excuse and then has her grandson kidnapped making Luisa think the boy died in a fire.

赫勒（爱米尔·强宁斯 Emil Jannings 饰）是杂耍班的演员，他和妻子伯特纳（梅丽· 戴尔沙夫特 Maly Delschaft 饰）合作表演的空中飞人项目深受观众们的喜爱。然而，随着时间的推移，伯特纳的身材渐渐走形，已经不再适合表演空中飞人了，无奈之下，赫勒带着她来到了位于德国汉堡的另一间杂耍班谋生。　　贝尔特（利亚·德·普提 Lya De Putti 饰）是常常来看演出的观众，在赫勒的见一下，她开始尝试登台表演，谁知道贝尔特的表演大受欢迎，就这样，贝尔特成为了杂耍班的红人。在朝夕相处之中，赫勒喜欢上了年轻貌美的贝尔特，他无情的抛弃了妻子，和贝尔特私奔了。

Jacek Lazar（米罗斯洛·巴卡 Miroslaw Baka 饰）是一个二十一岁的男子，他在街上游荡，吓走广场上的鸽子，在天桥上朝底下的汽车扔石头，在照相店让人将他口袋里那张已经出现了折痕的照片放大，是一个小女孩的照片。Waldemar Rekowski（Jan Tesarz 饰）是一个普通的的士司机，调戏年轻女子，捉弄乘客，故意按喇叭惊吓动物，他的下一个乘客是Jacek。Piotr Balicki（Krzysztof Globisz 饰）是一个年轻的律师，认为刑罚并不能防止犯罪，而防止犯罪正是法律的目的，他刚刚通过律师考试，他为杀人犯Jacek辩护。Jacek坐上了Waldemar的的士，他们开车到野外，Jacek用一条绳子勒死了司机。Balicki极力为Jacek辩护，希望避免死刑，但Jacek最后还是被判处了死刑。临终前，Jacek和Balicki长谈，说起因为他和一个卡车司机喝酒，致使卡车司机开车碾死他妹妹的事情......

动画大师奎氏兄弟第一次拍摄真人表演的故事长片　　为幻想主义主题开拓了一个新的层面　　特里·吉列姆称：三百年内最具视觉魅力且不遗幽默的电影，令我嫉妒”　　简介：观众被片中幽暗阴森的迷宫与回廊、荒谬突兀的人物情节所震慑；特里·吉列姆(Terry Gilliam)更称此片是一部“最近三百年内我看到的最具视觉魅力且不遗幽默的电影，令我感到嫉妒”的作品。　　在创作灵感来自晦涩文学或奇思怪想的作品同时，他们还拍摄了一系列音乐录影短片、广告和电视宣传片以及为歌剧担任舞台美术设计；值得一提的是，彼得·格林纳威的《一加一的故事》便是以奎氏兄弟为蓝本。

乡村教师普拉冬诺夫与妻子过着简单平淡的生活。一次聚会上，他遇到了自己多年未见的初恋情人索非亚，这勾起了他对往事的美好回忆。为了弥补自己在事业上的失败，也为了追寻往日的那段甜蜜恋情，普拉冬诺夫开始背着家人与索非亚约会。后来，他提出私奔，让索非亚同自己一起远走高飞，却遭到索非亚的拒绝。普拉冬诺夫终于明白索非亚已经不能离开属于她的那种奢华生活，这种婚外恋情只是这个女人寻求的一种刺激。在绝望和羞愧中，普拉冬诺夫跳河自杀，却发现命运再次和他开了个玩笑，河水只能浅浅地没过自己的膝盖。最后，妻子跑到河边安慰这位可怜的丈夫，两人重新回到了原来的生活。　　本片以契诃夫年轻时创作的一部未上映的四幕话剧《普拉东诺夫》为基础，结合契诃夫其他一些小说作品改编而成。创作者准确地把握住契柯夫创作中所反映的时代精神和艺术形象的社会意义和历史意义。影片利用象征、衬托、对比和夸张等多种艺术手段表现主题，使喜剧情节中蕴含哀怨、姜婉的悲剧气氛。影片的摄影艺术极为出色。色彩、景物、光影等因素与情节溶为一体，使影片具有浓重的抒情韵味。本片获第25后(1977年)圣塞瓦斯安国际电影节金贝壳大奖。

故事发生在人迹罕至的西伯利亚雅库原始森林之中，谢尔盖（叶甫盖尼·乌尔班斯基 Yevgeni Urbansky 饰）、安德烈（瓦西里·利万诺夫 Vasili Livanov 饰）、丹妮娅（塔吉娅娜·萨莫依洛娃 Tatyana Samojlova 饰）和萨比宁（因诺肯季·斯莫克图诺夫斯基 Innokenti Smoktunovsky 饰）是四名地质勘探队的队员，他们正在此处探索，想要找到珍贵的金刚石矿床。　　茫茫的原始森林之中，想要找到小小的矿床是何等的困难，四人忙碌数日，却一无所获，纷纷陷入了心灰意冷的情绪之中。然而就在这个节骨眼上，丹妮娅在偶然之中挖到了一块金刚石，这也就以为着，矿床就在不远之处。勘探队绘制了地图准备将其带往总部，此时森林中忽然燃起了熊熊大火，在浓烟和烈焰之中，一行人为了保护地图而付出了惨痛的代价。

《望夫石》（La Pierre de l'attente，1991），陳英雄一部21分鐘的短片，曾經獲得1992年里爾國際電影節（Lille International Short and Documentary Film Festival）評審團大獎

乔在父亲死后，陪母亲卡特琳娜赴意大利参加歌剧演出，却因寂寞而染上毒瘾，使卡特琳娜份外心痛，对乔百般迁就，竟使两人发展出一段畸恋，在道德觉醒下，幸未造成大错。卡特琳娜不得已将隐藏多年，乔另有生父的秘密说出，为使父母破镜重圆，乔乃前去找寻亲身父亲。　　导演用弗洛伊德的精神分析学说来阐述这对母子的行为，认为人的所有意义和能力都源自于性欲的需求，月亮是代表母亲和女性形象的载体，以隐喻母亲对儿子的性影响

Since ancient times, a tribe on the African continent has been prophesying that a white boy will arrive to be their god the Son of the Moon. David, a 12-year-old orphan who lives in Europe, learns about the prophecy and believes that he is the chosen child and that destiny must be fulfilled at any cost. Before David can fulfill his prophecy he must escape the heavily guarded scientific organization that has adopted him. David's strange behavior and the fact that he possesses extrasensory perception, has attracted the attention of an organization researching so-called prodigious beings in the occult tradition. David soon discovers that their goal is to channel the moon's energy into a child yet to be born, robbing him of his rightful place as the Son of the Moon. Two women, Victoria, a member of the center, and Georgina, the future mother of the supposed moonchild, will help David fulfill his destiny. After several attempts David manages to escape the center and undergoes a series of new experiences love, adventure, supernatural events and even death. David is relentlessly pursued, pushing him further towards his goal, towards Africa where his fate awaits him.

在克里特岛东北：一个男子被警察从荒无人烟的史宾纳隆加小岛押送到主岛上。这个男子是一个竖琴音乐家，坚持对自己的经历只字不提。其他人则开始对此进行猜测。

As a group of Danish children pass into adolescence, gradually the most popular girl becomes an outcast, for trivial reasons that she never understands.

在印度的一个角落里，一个男子正在梦想……他梦见他拿着500个卢比来到了他母亲的身边，希望自己和母亲不在那么痛苦，可当他正要放到母亲手里的时候，却看到了四周都是和他一样的孩子，还有十多个很老很老的老人，这些人立刻把她包围了，他慢慢的被人群吞噬……　　出生于印度一座小镇上的一个中产阶级家庭，曾做过女演员。1976年，她进美国哈佛大学学习并在那里开始爱上了电影制作。学生时代她拍摄了一系列关于当代印度社会的纪录片，获得了一定的影响力。　　米拉 奈儿的第一部剧情片《早安孟买》(SALLAM BOMBAY!)，展现了在孟买贫民区中挣扎的一个小男孩痛苦的生活，以纪录片式的手法和现实主义风格有力地揭开了流浪儿悲惨的经历，尽管是处女作，但平稳成熟，一举摘取了1988年坎城电影节金摄影机奖。　　自80年代开始，米拉步奈儿就成为了印度电影在西方的一个标志性人物。她的其他片子包括《MISSISSIPPI MASALA》、《THE PEREZ FAMILY, KAMA SUTRA》、《A TALE OF LOVE》以及最近为HBO所拍摄的纪录片 《THE LAUGHING CLUB OF INDIA》（哈哈俱乐部）。　　她是第一位抱走金狮奖的女性导演。

This is a story of lifetime. A story full of spiritual power biography, behind which stays a whole age in the national development of Bulgaria.　　Reality Fantasy, 6 May 2006　　Author lordsin from Bulgaria　　This is one of the best movies I've seen. Some may say it has no sense, but if you look closely you'll notice that this movie is a philosophical masterpiece. It shows several scenes of life in the village and then the brilliant Rangel Vulchanov puts reality into a boy's fantasies. The movie jumps from birth to death, from wedding to funeral, from joy to sorrow, from reality to fantasy, from war to peace. There are lots of laughable moments for the comedy fans, and there's drama for the drama fans. You won't forget this movie once you've seen it. It's a true gem! It will give you all you want even more...One of the best Bulgarian movies ever made. Better than all of the French movies altogether!

本片由几个初看起来并无关系的线索汇聚而成：一个律师本应为因组织罢工而被捕的团结工会积极分子辩护，不幸于出庭前死去，案件交由一个老律师处理。老律师热衷与人争论道德的可疑性问题。那个积极分子在各方面的重重压力下死去。同时，那个已故律师的妻子感到青春的虚空，沉溺于同其他男人的爱欲之中，但肉体的满足并不能代替精神的寂寞，最后在绝望中，她拧开煤气自杀。

卡齐姆喜欢在放学后跟小伙伴们一起踢足球，而不是待在家里做作业。得知国家足球队将在德黑兰举行比赛，他就想方设法前去观战，甚至不惜偷窃父母的钱财。当他乘坐公共汽车日夜兼程赶到德黑兰时已是筋疲力尽，就在比赛开始前躺在球场附近睡着了。

本片是导演扬•特洛尔1971年的名作《大移民》的续篇，两部电影均改编自Vilhelm Moberg的The Emigrants系列小说。本片取材此系列的后两部小说，The Settlers 和The Last Letter Home，讲述一批瑞典移民在19世纪中期的明尼苏达州建造家园的故事

安哲学生时代的短片作品。

十多年前，朝鲜人民的伟大领袖金日成冒雨视察北青以后，立即召开北青扩大会议，亲自制定了全国山区变成丰硕果园的宏伟方案。以贞玉为代表的石花农场的年轻姑娘们，遵照金日成同志的指示，敢于革命，勇于实践，克服保守自满和落后意识，经反复实践，试制成功苹果酱，取得了思想与生产双丰收。

2005年索菲亚国际电影节回顾单元评选的“保加利亚影史十部最伟大影片”之一。　　A large balloon suddenly appears above villages and fields and grabs the attention of the peasants. They start liking the sudden guest from nowhere for the beauty of the free existence. A policeman comes and the dreams of freedom vanish.　　A barrage balloon appears unexpectedly over a Bulgarian village. The startled villagers decide to knock it down with a fusillade. But the balloon flies off to the mountains. The villagers, armed to their teeth, set off after it. But they are not alone in this undertaking. There is another armed group that chases the 'wonder'. An argument whose property the balloon is breaks out between the two groups. It turns out that the balloon flew from Romania over the Danube River. In the turmoil following the argument, the balloon is destroyed. The police arrive and punish the villagers for meddling in other people's affairs.

A loving film tribute to Russian filmmaker Larisa Shepitko, who died tragically in a car accident in 1979 at the age of 40. This documentary by her husband, Elem Klimov, includes excerpts from all of Shepitko's films, and her own voice is heard talking about her life and art.　　Elem Klimov's grief-stricken elegy Larisa examines the life of his late wife—the film director Larisa Shepitko—through a series of direct-address interviews and photomontages, set against a mournful visual-musical backdrop. Typically, Klimov films his subjects (which include himself and several of Shepitko's collaborators) within a stark, snow-covered forest, its tangled web of trees standing in as metaphorical representation of a perhaps inexpressible suffering, the result of Shepitko's premature death while filming her adaptation of Valentin Rasputin's novella Farewell to Matyora. Interweaving home movie footage with sequences from Shepitko's work (Maya Bulgakova's pensive plane crash reminiscence from Wings takes on several new layers of resonance in this context), Larisa's most powerful passage is its first accompanied by the grandiose final music cue from Shepitko's You and I, Klimov dissolves between a series of personal photographs that encompass Larisa's entire life, from birth to death. This brief symphony of sorrow anticipates the cathartic reverse-motion climax of Klimov's Come and See, though by placing the scene first within Larisa's chronology, Klimov seems to be working against catharsis. The pain is clearly fresh, the wound still festering, and Klimov wants—above all—to capture how deep misery's knife has cut.

加夫列尔（费尔南多·瓦尔沃德 Fernando Valverde 饰）和妻子卡门（西尔维娅·蒙特 Silvia Munt 饰）结婚多年，卡门怀孕生下了可爱的小女儿阿米（Susana García Díez 饰），虽然加夫列尔一心希望生下的是男孩，但依旧十分疼爱阿米。之后，卡门又怀孕了，阿米有了一个弟弟。弟弟出生之后，阿米的境遇开始变得艰难，父亲和母亲的注意力大多集中在小儿子身上，这令阿米心中十分不是滋味。最终，阿米犯下了一生难以偿还的过错。　　在冷漠和罪恶感之中，阿米长大成人，可她的家庭却早已经支离破碎。一场意外之中，阿米被人侵犯，父亲亦因此终生将要坐在轮椅之上，母亲精神崩溃，与此同时，阿米发现自己怀孕了。

财政部的一位职员在办公室里接受了贿赂。下班回到家后，他跟妻子吵了一架，妻子威胁说要离开他。第二天，他上班时发现自己被拒绝进入办公室，一个男人说自己讨厌行贿受贿之类的事情。那位职员打道回府，发现痛不欲生的妻子企图结束自己的生命。

影片改编自出生于法国的波兰诗人、作家爱德华•斯塔胡拉（Edward Stachura；1937年8月18日~1979年7月24日）发表于1971年的小说《执斧人或冬季的森林人》（Siekierezada albo zima leśnych ludzi）。　　敏感的年轻诗人雅内克不能再接受口是心非的人和虚伪的世界，已经在世界上找不到自己的位置。他很想能有一个与他熟知的世界根本不同的地方来充实他的生活，于是他应了林务招聘，将他的全部财产装在袋子里背在身后，到深山老林当了一名冬季临时伐木工。林场里空气清新，采伐工人虽性格不一，但跟城里人不同个个坦诚友好，他很快和他们交上了朋友。他也越来越相信“苹果树枝会在纯洁的土地上和心灵里双开花”（他的人生哲理）。尽管每个晚上都要被爱情创伤的噩梦惊醒，他还是盼望在这个纯朴的劳动者的圈子里也许会找到他所期待的东西，直到发生了改变了他想法的一件事——　　一个老实巴交的执斧人借着喝高了伏特加，用伐木的斧子砍翻了小酒馆的餐桌，以发泄妻子对他不忠的不满。　　这件事触痛了他的神经，他决定告别林场。途中，自从来到森林里白天不再出现的幻觉又重新浮现在了他的脑海，只是这次不同，爱的天使犹如一具带着面具的美丽僵尸。　　一辆呼啸进山的窄轨火车迎面驶来。周游世界的机会终于来临!他扔下装在袋子里的全部家当，只身一人去一个比他所有生活过的地方更加冷冰冰白皑皑的世界去追求他的人生哲学。

一位新房客（艾佛•诺维洛饰）被房东太太（玛丽•奥尔特饰）和她丈夫（阿瑟•切斯尼饰）怀疑有可能是恶名昭著的“连环杀手”，但他们当时装模特的女儿黛西•邦廷（琼•特里普饰）却被他深深吸引。黛西的男友警探乔•贝茨（马尔科姆•基恩饰）产生了嫉妒，于是在房东太太的教唆下获得了搜查令闯入了他的房间。然后警察找到了一把手枪和一张标明以往杀人地点的地图，以及一张第一个受害人的照片。房客辩称那个女孩是她的妹妹，他只是在寻找杀人凶手，可是警察还是逮捕了他。在黛西的帮助下，他逃了出来，但因为戴着手铐在酒吧被人发现，于是，他被逼入了墙角。　　本片有一个难忘的镜头被希区柯克称为是在默片时代替声音的拍法，就是镜头里出现“房客戴着手套的右手在楼梯扶手上慢慢下滑。

女作家里奥（Marisa Paredes 饰）使用阿曼达的笔名写了二十多年言情小说，然而最近创作却遭遇了瓶颈，供职于军队的丈夫出国多时，使里奥为婚姻紧张莫名无法专心写作，甚至一对靴子都可以让她困扰。在好友贝蒂的介绍下，里奥与编辑安吉尔（Juan Echanove 饰）见面，虽然里奥拒绝了对方的工作，但安吉尔的敏锐仍给她留下了印象。同时出版社对里奥的近况颇为不满，要求她回到正轨否则就公开她讳莫如深的真实身份。丈夫终于回家但却匆匆离去，并且表示婚姻已经破裂，伤心欲绝的里奥服药自杀，幸好被母亲的一个电话拉回人世。安吉尔在里奥无助时进入了他的生活，表示可以和他共享阿曼达的秘密。好友贝蒂承认了与丈夫的私情，里奥无心追究与母亲回乡下静养，在周围人们的触动下终于脱离阴霾。　　本片获1996年卡罗维发利国际电影节最佳女演员等多项专业褒奖。

剧情改编自意大利语言学家兼小说家佳维诺莱达自学成功的真实故事，他原是萨丁尼亚地区的牧羊人，二十岁之前还目不识丁，后因不堪父亲的淫威而自愿从军。军中一位袍泽教他读书识字，从此改变了他的精神世界。退伍后他跑去上大学研究语文，然后回故乡用知识跟严父对抗。　　幕后花絮：　　本片是意大利导演塔维亚尼兄弟首部扬威国际影坛的力作，获戛纳电影节金棕榈大奖。导演用沉寂多时的意大利新写实主义电影手法来处理这个发生在穷乡僻壤的父子对抗故事，气氛平实感人，有一种原始的美。当年轻的佳维诺在聆听了陌生人的手风琴演奏，而决定拿两只小羊换取手风琴的那一刻令人兴奋，因为他终于采取行动反抗父亲了。

每个人在某个地方总有一个属于你的人存在。“我心狂野”就是让这种信念实现的故事。它讲述的是拉忽尔，一个不相信爱情的人的故事。拉忽尔不太理解人们是如何能够在一起相处一生，难道真的有人是属于他的吗？这又是关于坡佳，一个相信一定有人是属于她的，而且她一定能遇上那个人的女孩的故事。这还是关于妮莎，一个认为爱情就是友谊，终有一天她的梦想会实现的故事。这部电影还有出色的音乐献给那些有梦想而充满热情的人们。他们的梦想能实现吗？他们能找到他们的真爱吗？影片将让我们相信每个人在某个地方总有一个属于你的人存在。　　Dil to pagal hai is a fantastic film. Its my all time favorite.I love to watch Yash Chopra films and among them its the best one. Since the year it released i.e 1997 no other film has touched me like this.My extreme love for DTPH is because of following reasons.. -Its tag line touches me i.e someone somewhere...is made for you. -Its story line and Yash Chopra's perfection as a director. -Its superb music by Uttam Singh and above all LATA MANGESHKAR's melodious duets with Udit Narayan.I love its songs; and in them, Lataji's voice (even more than old songs of Lataji) -Uttam singh's background instruments rock me whenever i listen to the numbers. -Shahrukh Khan's first performance in which he didnot deliver dialogs in the way like he earlier used to.He was very serious and his acting was quite,calm and mature.For the same reason he got several awards for this film. -Madhuri's performance was great and so was of Karisma.Both got awards and Karisma also got her first National Award. -I love its screenplay specially in the shots having an acting stage within the film.(See its climax to confirm what i said.) MUST SEE IT AFTER READING MY COMMENTS IF YOU ARE NOT SATISFIED WITH ME. I AM SURE YOU WILL ALSO BECOME A DTPH FAN LIKE ME.

At 38, Thomas is at a crossroads in his life. His parents are nonstop guilt-inducers, his ex-wife is always on his back, and his son is far from inspirational. Thomas himself is almost too intellectual to survive daily life. The attentions of a straightforward English teacher seem to be a way out.

In beautiful sunny afternoon in Prague, a man of a certain age discusses his love of Provence. Suddenly, a black flag is suspended. The composer Foerster died.　　Graduation film of director Jirí Menzel.

影片讲的是，忠厚本分的年轻人皮特是个泥瓦匠，他十分孝顺父母，还亲自为他们造了一所房子。然而父母对他的态度似乎并没有因此而好转。之后，他遇上了心爱的女人艾瑞卡。他们一起搬到了慕尼黑，然而，生活的重压，金钱上的困窘却让皮特这个年轻人渐渐改变，最终沦为了阶下囚，而这一切只是为了让妻子爱他……　　该片被一些评论家认为是莱纳尔·沃纳尔·法斯宾德的最佳电影代表作。

The subject of Danièle Huillet and Jean-Marie Straub’s Der Tod des Empedokles (The Death of Empedocles, 1987) is the Greek pre-Socratic philosopher Empedocles (c. 490 BC – 430 BC), who lived in the Greek colony of Agrigentum in Sicily. His theories are mentioned in several of Plato’s dialogues. He maintained that all matter is made up of four irreducible elements water, earth, air and fire. A mystic and a poet, he is considered to be the founder of classical rhetoric. He is also thought to be the last Greek philosopher to write in verse; two fragments of his works survive Katharmoi (Purifications) and Peri Phuseôs (On Nature). An advocate of democracy, he came into conflict with his fellow citizens of Agrigentum and, as result, was banished with his young disciple, Pausanius. When he was asked to return, he preferred to commit suicide by throwing himself into the active volcano at Mount Aetna.　　The German writer Friedrich Hölderlin wrote two versions of Der Tod des Empedokles in 1798 and 1800, and a final third version in 1820, all three ultimately unfinished. They were conceived as five-act tragedies and all three differ in plot. According to Michael Hamburger, Hölderlin’s English-language translator,　　the main reason why Hölderlin finished no version of the play must be that he remained too closely identified with Empedocles, at the very period in his life when his own view of the poet as philosopher, prophet and priest – and as tragic hero – was subject to perpetual crisis and re-examination.　　Huillet-Straub’s The Death of Empedocles is based on Hölderlin’s first version (the longest of the three), whereas Black Sin is based on the third version.